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Exterior Walls in Mass Timber Buildings – Part 1: Code Requirements and Commonly Used Materials

Part 1 of this series introduces the construction types that allow extensive use of mass timber, 还有物质补贴, 耐火等级要求(frr), 和普通外墙材料用于大量木结构建筑.

The 2021 International Building Code (IBC) permits the use of mass timber products throughout Types III, IV和V结构. 大型木结构建筑的结构框架元件通常包括梁, 列, 地板/屋顶板, and one of the great advantages of mass timber is that these elements can often be left exposed on the interior. 然而,外墙通常由其他材料建造. 外墙施工规范允许的材料, 以及这些墙壁所需的防火等级(FRR), 不同的结构类型. This article covers the related code provisions and common types of exterior walls in mass timber projects.

建筑类型和允许使用的材料

在2021年IBC中,第602节定义了五种主要的建筑类型. Types I, II, III and V have subcategories A and B, and IV型 has subcategories A, B, C and HT. 以前被称为IV型结构的东西已被重新命名为IV- ht, 以及三种新型的iv - a型, ivb和iv - c允许比以前版本的规范更高的大质量木结构建筑. 有关高质量木材选择和设计影响的信息,请参阅WoodWorks 高质量木材 网页.

第三类建筑 (部分602.3) requires exterior walls to be noncombustible while interior building elements can be any material allowed by code. 这意味着地板可以使用大量木材和轻框架木元素, 屋顶, 还有内墙. As an alternative to the requirement that exterior walls be constructed of noncombustible materials, fire retardant-treated wood (FRTW) framing is permitted in exterior walls 当所需的FRR为2小时或更短时. 这导致外墙的以下选项:

  • FRTW轻框架木墙,当要求的FRR为2小时或更短时
  • FRTW大型木墙(e.g., 铁钉复合木材(NLT) /销子复合木材(DLT), 当所需的FRR为2小时或更短时(不常用)
  • 轻钢墙
  • 幕墙系统
  • 其他符合规范的不可燃墙体系统

V型结构 (部分602.5)允许用规范允许的任何材料建造所有建筑构件. 大量的木材和轻框架木元素可以在整个结构中使用, 包括地板, 屋顶, 包括内墙和外墙. Unlike 第三类建筑, there is no requirement for noncombustible or FRTW exterior walls. 这导致以下常用的外墙选项:

  • 轻框架木墙(非frtw)
  • 大块木墙(非经frtw)
  • 幕墙系统
  • 其他符合规范的墙体系统(可燃或不可燃)

第IV类构造 (部分602.4)要求建筑构件为大块木材或不燃材料. 所有IV类建筑物(IV- a类, ivb, IV-C, 或IV-HT), 大型木材构件必须满足2304节规定的最小尺寸.用作地板、屋顶、梁、柱、内墙或外墙. Because this construction type is based in part on the inherent and long-demonstrated fire resistance of large solid wood framing, 轻框架木质材料(如.g.(2倍墙框架和木结构板)一般禁止使用,但有两个例外. IV-HT型允许使用轻型框架木墙材料用于:

  • Exterior wall framing when the materials are FRTW and the required rating of the exterior walls is 2 hours or less
  • 按照2304条规定的最低1小时FRR建造的内部分区.11.2.2

IV-A型、ivb型和IV-C型结构不存在这种例外.

在提供第602节第IV类建筑的一般材料要求时.4州, 外承重墙和非承重墙应为大块木结构, 或不可燃结构.” Some of the specific nuances between materials allowed in each of the IV型 subcategories are discussed below.

IV-HT型结构 (部分602.4.4)允许大量木材用于室内元素(地板), 屋顶, 光线, 列, 和内墙), 但要求外墙是不可燃的. As an alternative to the requirement that exterior walls be constructed of noncombustible materials, the code offers two alternatives 当所需的FRR为2小时或更短时: the use of FRTW framing or the use of cross-laminated timber (CLT) with an FRTW or noncombustible covering on the exterior face. 这导致外墙的以下选项:

  • FRTW轻框架木墙,当要求的FRR为2小时或更短时
  • FRTW NLT/DLT墙,当要求的FRR为2小时或更短时(不常用)
  • 解释水平理论(最低. 4 in. thick) covered with FRTW sheathing on the exterior face, 当所需的FRR为2小时或更短时
  • 解释水平理论(最低. 4 in. 厚的)外表面覆有不燃护套的, 当所需的FRR为2小时或更短时
  • 轻钢墙
  • 不可燃幕墙系统
  • 其他符合规范的不可燃墙体系统

IV-A型、ivb型和IV-C型结构 (部分602.4.1, 602.4.2和602.4.3)允许所有建筑元素都由大量木材建造, 包括地板, 屋顶, 包括内墙和外墙. 当外墙使用大量木材元素时, 要求其外表面有不燃保护. 这导致以下常用的外墙选项:

  • 解释水平理论(最低. 4 in. thick) covered with noncombustible material on the exterior face providing at least 40 minutes of protection*
  • 轻钢墙
  • 幕墙系统
  • 其他符合规范的不可燃墙体系统

*IBC表722.7.1(2)对不燃覆盖物提供了两种规范性选择:

  • 1/2-in. X型石膏板= 25分钟
  • 5/8-in. X型石膏板= 40分钟

像这样, the most common approach to achieve the 40-minute requirement is to cover the exterior face of the CLT wall panel with a layer of 5/8-in. X型石膏板. Note that there may be other FRR requirements that require additional layers of noncombustible protection, 如本文后面所述.

The material allowances for exterior walls of different construction types are summarized in Table 1.

大型木材项目外墙的例子

外墙耐火等级

除了上一节提到的物质津贴之外, IBC为每种构造类型中的构造元素定义frr. 有关已通过防火测试的墙体组件列表,请参阅“WoodWorks” 耐火测试的大块木材组件和穿透件清单.

III型和V型结构 允许在所有建筑系统中使用大量木材和轻框架木材元素, 包括外墙(如所述). 要求的外墙FRR是承重或非承重的函数, 及其防火距离(消防处). FRRs of exterior walls in Types III and V buildings are noted in Table 2 for several common occupancies. 请注意内部与外部的frr变化. 墙的外表面. 这是基于Section 705.第5条规定:

The required fire-resistance rating of exterior walls with a fire separation distance of greater than 10 feet shall be rated for exposure to fire from the inside. The required fire-resistance rating of exterior walls with a fire separation distance of less than or equal to 10 feet shall be rated for exposure to fire from both sides.”

IBC表601和表705中要求的评级中较高者.5管理. The FSD determines whether that rating applies to both sides of the wall or just the interior face. (在加州建筑法规中, 任何由州消防局长办公室管理的建筑申请, 包括租住组别A, E, H, I, L, R, 所有的高楼大厦, , 外墙必须两面都有等级.)

IV型 subcategories differ in their required FRRs (outlined in IBC Table 601) and whether the wood may be exposed on the building’s interior or must be covered with noncombustible protection. 参见“IV-A型、ivb型、IV-C型和IV-HT型建筑的木材暴露限值是什么??“关于木制品” 高质量木材 网页.  

哪些地方允许木材元素暴露在建筑内部, 他们必须提供完整的FRR. 如果木材元件被不燃材料覆盖, the FRR may be calculated as the sum of the protecting materials and the inherent FRR of the timber element per Section 722.7. 欲了解更多信息,请参阅WoodWorks出版物, 演示高层木结构中大量木材构件的耐火等级.

在一般情况下, timber components used in IV型-HT projects do not have a prescriptive FRR per IBC Table 601, although FRRs might be required by other code provisions (such as dwelling unit separations or occupancy separations). A notable exception is exterior bearing walls that have a 2-hour FRR requirement per Table 601.

Table 3 shows the required FRRs for exterior walls in 第IV类构造 for several common occupancies.

IV-A型特有的另一个外墙配置, ivb和IV-C楼见第602节.4.1.1, 602.4.2.1和602.4.3.1. 这些章节要求, 除了大量的木板, the only other permissible combustible material in exterior wall assemblies is water-resistive barriers that meet a specific set of fire and smoke performance requirements, 在上面引用的代码部分中概述.

Exterior walls of all construction types must also meet the requirements of Section 705 and Chapter 14, 以及所使用材料的相关代码部分. 泡沫塑料绝缘材料, 外墙组件中有时包括哪些组件, 必须符合第2603条的规定.

Summary

With a wide range of construction types that can be used in the design of modern mass timber buildings, there is a corresponding range of exterior wall assemblies that can be used—including mass timber, light-frame木, 和不燃材料. 了解每种建筑类型的材料余量和FRR要求, based on the building’s occupancy and the wall’s loading condition and fire separation distance, 这是选择合适集会的第一步吗.